ESSAYS

INFLATION

OUTLINES:  

INTRODUCTION

• LEADING CAUSES OF INFLATION
• FRAGILE ECONOMIC POLICES
• HOARDING, DISHONEST ATTITUDE OF TRADERS
• STEPS TO CHECK INFLATION
• CONCLUSION

Inflation refers to a continuous, general increase in the price of goods and services. Rise in prices is called inflation. Inflation at very fast rate is Hyper-Inflation,medium is Strato-Inflation and  low lever is Creeping inflation. During the recent years the rise has abnormal and it has endangered the stability of our economy nationally and individually. In Pakistan inflation has become an unending disease to our economy. Once a state is caught in the circle of
inflation then it will be difficult for that state to get rid of it.

There are various factors that contribute to the rise in prices. Some are natural factors like unfavorable weather conditions which affect the food production and lead to the shortage of
commodities in the market. With more money chasing fewer goods, the prices take to the wings. Besides this natural problem there are man-made problems like hoarding which contribute to the rapid increase in prices. The trading community which senses a shorting of certain commodities, especially the essential commodities, they resort to large scale hoarding. They release the
hoarding products after increase in the prices and make a neat margin over their investment in the hoarded products. They get so much profit but it waters inflation.

The rise of prices in Pakistan can also be attribute to the despicable acts of traders. Their only motive is to get maximum profit and so they try to charge lots of money from the customers
as much as possible. This has created a class of people who are becoming richer day by day and the other class is becoming poorer. Hoarding is also playing a bad role in escalation of prices in the commodities

One of the most important reasons for inflation is the deficit budgeting. In order to cover the gap
Pakistan has been printing more paper currency because foreign aid and taxes can not cover up the deficit. Therefore there will be greater circulation of paper money. There will be hike in prices of domestic used products as the purchasing power of the people has increased. Wrong taxation policy has also been responsible for the rise in prices. The hike in taxes results in greater desire to avoid taxes. Thus public takes wrong way of not paying taxes and there will
be escalation in prices.

Pakistan’s government has been making a great effort to check this inflation. The rate of interests has been increased in order to encourage savings and withdraw of currency. The government is
making efforts to increase industrial outputs so that the level of consumption is leveled with that of output. But unfortunately the government has not met with success in getting rid of inflation.

The rise in prices goes non-stopped, some suggest that there should be demonetization of  urrency, but the government thinks that it is an irregular method and will create doubts in the minds of the public about the stability of the government. The rise in the prices of petrol has affected the prices in our country. Pakistan is not producing more than 20% of its total  equirement of oil. So we have to import a huge amount of oil every year. Moreover no step has been taken against the traders who are mainly responsible for unreasonable rise in the prices.

UNEMPLOYMENT

OUTLINES:

• INTRODUCTION
• LEADING CAUSES OF INFLATION
• FRAGILE ECONOMIC POLICES
• HOARDING, DISHONEST ATTITUDE OF TRADERS
• STEPS TO CHECK INFLATION
• CONCLUSION

Inflation refers to a continuous, general increase in the price of goods and services. Rise
in prices is called inflation. Inflation at very fast rate is Hyper-Inflation,medium is Strato-Inflation and low lever is Creeping inflation. During the recent years the rise has abnormal and it has endangered the stability of our economy nationally and individually. In Pakistan inflation has become an unending disease to our economy. Once a state is caught in the circle of inflation then it will be difficult for that state to get rid of it.

There are various factors that contribute to the rise in prices. Some are natural factors like unfavorable weather conditions which affect the food production and lead to the shortage of
commodities in the market. With more money chasing fewer goods, the prices take to the wings. Besides this natural problem there are man-made problems like hoarding which contribute to the rapid increase in prices. The trading community which senses a shorting of certain commodities, especially the essential commodities, they resort to large scale hoarding. They release the
hoarding products after increase in the prices and make a neat margin over their investment in the hoarded products. They get so much profit but it waters inflation.

The rise of prices in Pakistan can also be attribute to the despicable acts of traders. Their only motive is to get maximum profit and so they try to charge lots of money from the customers
as much as possible. This has created a class of people who are becoming richer day by day and the other class is becoming poorer. Hoarding is also playing a bad role in escalation of prices in the commodities .

One of the most important reasons for inflation is the deficit budgeting. In order to cover the gap
Pakistan has been printing more paper currency because foreign aid and taxes can not cover up the deficit. Therefore there will be greater circulation of paper money. There will be hike in prices of domestic used products as the purchasing power of the people has increased. Wrong taxation policy has also been responsible for the rise in prices. The hike in taxes results in greater desire to avoid taxes. Thus public takes wrong way of not paying taxes and there will
be escalation in prices.

Pakistan’s government has been making a great effort to check this inflation. The rate of interests has been increased in order to encourage savings and withdraw of currency. The government is
making efforts to increase industrial outputs so that the level of consumption is leveled with that of output. But unfortunately the government has not met with success in getting rid of inflation.

The rise in prices goes non-stopped, some suggest that there should be demonetization of currency, but the government thinks that it is an irregular method and will create doubts in the minds of the public about the stability of the government. The rise in the prices of petrol has affected the prices in our country. Pakistan is not producing more than 20% of its total requirement of oil. So we have to import a huge amount of oil every year. Moreover no step has been taken against the traders who are mainly responsible for unreasonable rise in the prices.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMERCE EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION

Education may be liberal or it may be special. Now a days there are three faculties in higher education namely arts, commerce and science. Young people, now a days, are generally guided by lucrative aims. There main desire is to earn money and become rich. Very few aspire for knowledge for the sake of knowledge-the aim for the older generations. Business education offers good prospects for the ambitious person. Many of them join commerce colleges or take admission in commerce with the aim of getting good jobs.

Economic activities and aims dominate the minds of modern men. Business, commerce and industries are important branches of economic activities. Industries are said to be the backbone of national economy.

Commerce is at the moment a promising subject as a whole. In the present day world, almost every human activity is related with economy, whether in the shape of trade and industry or commerce and banking. Any concern which has transaction of money, a commerce graduate has his footing there.

Secondly, the related fields of commerce are many and varied. Science, in spite of its expanding scope, is yet limited in providing jobs to the teeming millions. The scope of science is all the more limited in backward countries like Pakistan. The Humanities subjects are also not very promising from the profession point of view. Arts subjects appear to have lost their worth from earning point of view.

In view of above stated facts, it may be said that commerce graduates have some what better prospects in Pakistan.

 

POPULATION PROBLEM IN PAKISTAN

OUTLINE

• Introduction
• Overpopulation in Pakistan
• Danger for Economic Development
• Low per capital income
• Low rate of saving
• Problems for education sector
• Housing problems
• Transportation problems
• Food shortage
• Population & Environment
• Population & capital formation
• Problems for agricultural sector
• Unemployment
• remedies
• Conclusion

Overpopulation can be defined as the condition where "finite resources of a particular area will run out if the population expands beyond a given point". Economics is defined as the social science dealing with the allocation of scarce resources. The earth has a reserve of scarce resources and when the population exceeds a certain level, allocation of these resources becomes difficult and leads to various economic problems such as unemployment and poverty.

Pakistan is one of the fastest growing countries in the world. In early 1994, the population of Pakistan was estimated to be 126 million, at that time we were the ninth most populous country of the world, however, land area wise ranked thirty-second among nations.

Thus Pakistan has about 2 percent of the world’s population living on less than 0.7 percent of the world’s land. The population growth rate is among the world’s highest, officially estimated at 3.1 percent per year, but privately thought to be closer to 3.3 percent per year by many planners involved in population programs.

Overpopulation is a great danger for economic development as it swallows up the progress made by the economic sector. With the increase in population, there is low capital income in the country which badly affects the economy of the country. There per capita income of Pakistan is 479 dollars compared to 27000 dollars in Japan and 14000 dollars in Singapore

When a country becomes overpopulated then its rate of saving becomes very low, as a result of which there is low investment & high unemployment in the country.  The rate of saving in Pakistan in only15% which is very low overpopulation creates a great problem of education sector because proper facilities are not available for whole of the population.

 Overpopulation also creates a housing problem because given.  Resources are not sufficient to proved houses to whole of the population.

Over population also creates a problem of transportation because Govt. resources are not sufficient to provide better transport facilities to whole of the population whine a country becomes overpopulated, there is food shortage in the country because its resources are not sufficient to meet the needs of the people.

Overpopulation creates air, water & noise pollution in the environment & in this way, badly effects the environment & in this way, badly effects the environment.

Overpopulation can be controlled if most of the people are educated. Educated people can easily understand and feel the benefits of family planning.  It is of course the need of hour to educate our masses.

As over population is swallowing up all the economic progress made by the country so the Govt. Of Pakistan is taking keen interest in solve the problem of over population by educating the people & making effective use of its resources.  Every year a large sum of money is spend on population planning programs to solve the problem of over population.

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