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TENSES
The
tense of a verb indicates the time of an action or event.
The word “tense” comes from Latin word tempus which means time.
Read the following sentences.
1.I write the letter now.
2.I wrote the letter yesterday.
3.I shall write the letter tomorrow.
The first sentence says that I write the letter at this moment.
That means that the time of the action of writing the letter is now.
This sentence is in present tense.
The word “tense” comes from Latin word tempus which means time.
Read the following sentences.
1.I write the letter now.
2.I wrote the letter yesterday.
3.I shall write the letter tomorrow.
The first sentence says that I write the letter at this moment.
That means that the time of the action of writing the letter is now.
This sentence is in present tense.
The tense which refers to the present time is said to be in present tense.
The second sentence says that I wrote the letter yesterday.
That means that the time of the action of writing the letter is yesterday.
This sentence is in past tense.
The tense which refers to the past time is said to be in past tense.
The third sentence says that I shall write the letter tomorrow.
That means that the time of the action of writing the letter is tomorrow.
This sentence is in future tense.
The tense which refers to the future time is said to be in future tense.
There are twelve tenses in total.
They are:
1. Simple present tense.
2. Simple past tense.
3. Simple future tense.
4. Present continuous tense.
5. Past continuous tense.
6. Future continuous tense.
7. Present perfect tense.
8. Past perfect tense.
9. Future perfect tense.
10. Present continuous tense.
11. Past prefect continuous tense.
12. Future perfect continuous tense.
Using the verb “write” and the pronoun “we”, let us form all these twelve tenses.
The following sentences can be related one by one as per the order mentioned in the above-stated sentences.
1.
We write a letter now.
2. We wrote a letter yesterday.
3. We will write a letter tomorrow.
4. We are writing a letter now.
5. We were writing a letter yesterday.
6. We will be writing a letter tomorrow.
7. We have written a letter now.
8. We had written a letter yesterday.
9. We will have written a letter tomorrow.
10. We have been writing a letter.
11. We had been writing a letter yesterday.
12. We will have been writing a letter tomorrow.
2. We wrote a letter yesterday.
3. We will write a letter tomorrow.
4. We are writing a letter now.
5. We were writing a letter yesterday.
6. We will be writing a letter tomorrow.
7. We have written a letter now.
8. We had written a letter yesterday.
9. We will have written a letter tomorrow.
10. We have been writing a letter.
11. We had been writing a letter yesterday.
12. We will have been writing a letter tomorrow.
PRESENT TENSE
As we have seen already, the Present Tense is used
when the verb refers to the present time.
There are four forms in the Present Tense.
They are:
1. Simple Present Tense.
2. Present Continuous Tense.
3. Present Perfect Tense.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Let us see one by one.
1.Simple Present Tense:
The Simple Present Tense is used
i. To indicate a habitual action.
Examples:
• He drinks tea every morning.
• My father gets up at 6am everyday.
• I go to college regularly.
• The College celebrates its founder’s day on 7th June every year.
ii. To express general truth.
Examples:
• The Sun rises in the east.
• Two twos give four.
• Honey is sweet.
iii. To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable.
Examples:
• The match starts at 10am.
• When does this shop reopen?
• The next train arrives at 7.45am.
iv. To introduce a quotation.
Examples:
• Keats says, ‘A thing of beauty is joy for ever’.
• Bible says, ‘To forgive is divine’.
2.Present Continuous Tense:
The Present Continuous Tense is used
i. For an action going on at the time of speaking.
Examples:
• She is writing a letter.
• He is walking along the road.
• They are discussing this problem.
• We are playing foot-ball.
3.Present Perfect Tense:
The Present Perfect Tense is used
i. To indicate activities that completed in the near past.
Examples:
• He has just gone out.
• They have earned goodwill.
• We have deposited the mount with a local bank.
• The child has gone to bed.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
This Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing.
Examples:
• They have been building this bridge for the last seven months.
• He has been working in this company for a long time.
• They have been playing cricket since 5pm.
• I have been writing a novel for the last one year.
These are the four forms of Present Tense.
There are four forms in the Present Tense.
They are:
1. Simple Present Tense.
2. Present Continuous Tense.
3. Present Perfect Tense.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Let us see one by one.
1.Simple Present Tense:
The Simple Present Tense is used
i. To indicate a habitual action.
Examples:
• He drinks tea every morning.
• My father gets up at 6am everyday.
• I go to college regularly.
• The College celebrates its founder’s day on 7th June every year.
ii. To express general truth.
Examples:
• The Sun rises in the east.
• Two twos give four.
• Honey is sweet.
iii. To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable.
Examples:
• The match starts at 10am.
• When does this shop reopen?
• The next train arrives at 7.45am.
iv. To introduce a quotation.
Examples:
• Keats says, ‘A thing of beauty is joy for ever’.
• Bible says, ‘To forgive is divine’.
2.Present Continuous Tense:
The Present Continuous Tense is used
i. For an action going on at the time of speaking.
Examples:
• She is writing a letter.
• He is walking along the road.
• They are discussing this problem.
• We are playing foot-ball.
3.Present Perfect Tense:
The Present Perfect Tense is used
i. To indicate activities that completed in the near past.
Examples:
• He has just gone out.
• They have earned goodwill.
• We have deposited the mount with a local bank.
• The child has gone to bed.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
This Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing.
Examples:
• They have been building this bridge for the last seven months.
• He has been working in this company for a long time.
• They have been playing cricket since 5pm.
• I have been writing a novel for the last one year.
These are the four forms of Present Tense.
PAST TENSE
As we have seen already, the Past Tense is used when
the verb refers to the past time.
There are four forms in the Past Tense.
They are:
1. Simple Past Tense.
2. Past Continuous Tense.
3. Past Perfect Tense.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Let us see one by one.
1.Simple Past Tense:
This Simple Past Tense is used
i. To indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
Yesterday, last year, ten-years back, few days ago, a week ago etc… are adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
Examples:
• The College reopened yesterday.
• My friends left few minutes back.
• I posted the letter last week.
• He came to power seven years ago.
ii. To indicate an action completed in the past. (Without the adverb of past time)
Examples:
• I went to the post office.
• They gave me this clock.
• The train left the station.
• He defeated her in the Chess competition.
iii. To indicate the past habits.
Examples:
• When I was a student, I carried a bag with me.
• He was a fan of this musician.
• He had always two cars with him.
2.Past Continuous Tense:
This Past Continuous Tense is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.
Examples:
• When I reached the city, it was getting darker.
• The light went out when I was reading.
• He was playing chess when I saw him.
3.Past Perfect Tense:
i. This Past Perfect Tense is used to describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
Examples:
• He met me in Tokyo in 1989. We had known each other last ten years before.
• I had played Tennis for ten years before 1999.
ii. When two actions happened in the past, Past Perfect Tense should be used to indicate the action which happened earlier.
Examples:
• When I reached the station, the train had left.
• When I prepared all the materials for the application, the deadline had gone.
4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
This Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time.
Examples:
• I met him on 7th June 1998. At that time he had been writing a novel.
• We prepared this project in 2005. At that time we had been working on another project.
There are four forms in the Past Tense.
They are:
1. Simple Past Tense.
2. Past Continuous Tense.
3. Past Perfect Tense.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Let us see one by one.
1.Simple Past Tense:
This Simple Past Tense is used
i. To indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
Yesterday, last year, ten-years back, few days ago, a week ago etc… are adverbs or adverb phrases of past time.
Examples:
• The College reopened yesterday.
• My friends left few minutes back.
• I posted the letter last week.
• He came to power seven years ago.
ii. To indicate an action completed in the past. (Without the adverb of past time)
Examples:
• I went to the post office.
• They gave me this clock.
• The train left the station.
• He defeated her in the Chess competition.
iii. To indicate the past habits.
Examples:
• When I was a student, I carried a bag with me.
• He was a fan of this musician.
• He had always two cars with him.
2.Past Continuous Tense:
This Past Continuous Tense is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.
Examples:
• When I reached the city, it was getting darker.
• The light went out when I was reading.
• He was playing chess when I saw him.
3.Past Perfect Tense:
i. This Past Perfect Tense is used to describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
Examples:
• He met me in Tokyo in 1989. We had known each other last ten years before.
• I had played Tennis for ten years before 1999.
ii. When two actions happened in the past, Past Perfect Tense should be used to indicate the action which happened earlier.
Examples:
• When I reached the station, the train had left.
• When I prepared all the materials for the application, the deadline had gone.
4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
This Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to indicate an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time.
Examples:
• I met him on 7th June 1998. At that time he had been writing a novel.
• We prepared this project in 2005. At that time we had been working on another project.
FUTURE TENSE
As we have seen already, the Future Tense is used
when the verb refers to the Future time.
There are four forms in this Tense.
They are:
1. Simple Future Tense.
2. Future Continuous Tense.
3. Future Perfect Tense.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Let us see one by one.
1.Simple Future Tense
i. This Simple Future Tense is used to talk about things which we can not control.
Examples
• He will be sixty this December.
• It will be Christmas in a week.
• You may know your exam-results in month.
• The Post man will come by 11am.
• They will post you at New York.
ii. This Simple Future Tense can be used to talk about what we believe will happen in the future.
Examples
• I think India will win the match.
• We believe that he will score the highest marks.
• Probably, the train will arrive in time.
• It is expected that they will get married.
iii. This Tense can be used to indicate what we have planned to do in the future.
Examples
• I will go to USA for my higher education.
• She will stay back at her home.
• Since it is raining, I will take an umbrella.
• Since the Manager is busy, I will wait for him.
2.Future Continuous Tense
This Future Continuous Tense is used to talk about action which will be in progress at a time in the future.
Examples
• When I get home, my dog will be waiting for me at gate.
• This day next year, I will be writing my annual examinations.
• When you come here tomorrow, your parents will be waiting for you.
3.Future Perfect Tense
This Tense is used to indicate an action which might have completed by a certain time in the future.
Examples
• I might have completed my studies by 2010.
• The train might have reached Chicago by 11pm.
• By the end of this year, I will have worked in this company for twenty long years.
• This month next year, we will have inaugurated our own office in Washington.
4.Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This Tense is used to indicate action which will be in progress over a period of future time and will end in the future.
Examples
• By this October, I will have been living in this house for twenty-five years.
This Tense is very rarely used.
Synthesis of SentencesThere are four forms in this Tense.
They are:
1. Simple Future Tense.
2. Future Continuous Tense.
3. Future Perfect Tense.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Let us see one by one.
1.Simple Future Tense
i. This Simple Future Tense is used to talk about things which we can not control.
Examples
• He will be sixty this December.
• It will be Christmas in a week.
• You may know your exam-results in month.
• The Post man will come by 11am.
• They will post you at New York.
ii. This Simple Future Tense can be used to talk about what we believe will happen in the future.
Examples
• I think India will win the match.
• We believe that he will score the highest marks.
• Probably, the train will arrive in time.
• It is expected that they will get married.
iii. This Tense can be used to indicate what we have planned to do in the future.
Examples
• I will go to USA for my higher education.
• She will stay back at her home.
• Since it is raining, I will take an umbrella.
• Since the Manager is busy, I will wait for him.
2.Future Continuous Tense
This Future Continuous Tense is used to talk about action which will be in progress at a time in the future.
Examples
• When I get home, my dog will be waiting for me at gate.
• This day next year, I will be writing my annual examinations.
• When you come here tomorrow, your parents will be waiting for you.
3.Future Perfect Tense
This Tense is used to indicate an action which might have completed by a certain time in the future.
Examples
• I might have completed my studies by 2010.
• The train might have reached Chicago by 11pm.
• By the end of this year, I will have worked in this company for twenty long years.
• This month next year, we will have inaugurated our own office in Washington.
4.Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This Tense is used to indicate action which will be in progress over a period of future time and will end in the future.
Examples
• By this October, I will have been living in this house for twenty-five years.
This Tense is very rarely used.
Synthesis of Sentences is
the opposite of transformation of sentences and means combination of a number
of simple sentences into one new sentence. That new sentence might be either
simple sentence or a compound sentence or a complex sentence.
The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence.
1. By using a Participle:
• He jumped up. He ran away.
• Jumping up, he ran away.
• He was tired of play. He sat down to rest.
• Tired of play, he sat down to rest.
• He is well versed in English. He was appointed as the English teacher in the school.
• For his knowledge of English, he was appointed as English teacher in the school
Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence.
2. By using a noun or a phrase in apposition:
• This is my friend. His name is Rama.
• This is my friend Rama.
• I spent two days in London. It is one of the most attractive places in England.
• I spent two days in London, one of the most attractive places in England.
• Buddhism was founded in 2500 years ago. It is one of the greatest religions.
• Buddhism, one of the greatest religions, was founded in 2500 years ago.
Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence.
3. By using a preposition with noun or gerund:
• The moon rose. Their journey was not ended.
• Before their journey was ended, the moon rose.
The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence.
1. By using a Participle:
• He jumped up. He ran away.
• Jumping up, he ran away.
• He was tired of play. He sat down to rest.
• Tired of play, he sat down to rest.
• He is well versed in English. He was appointed as the English teacher in the school.
• For his knowledge of English, he was appointed as English teacher in the school
Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence.
2. By using a noun or a phrase in apposition:
• This is my friend. His name is Rama.
• This is my friend Rama.
• I spent two days in London. It is one of the most attractive places in England.
• I spent two days in London, one of the most attractive places in England.
• Buddhism was founded in 2500 years ago. It is one of the greatest religions.
• Buddhism, one of the greatest religions, was founded in 2500 years ago.
Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence.
3. By using a preposition with noun or gerund:
• The moon rose. Their journey was not ended.
• Before their journey was ended, the moon rose.
• He has failed many times. He still hopes to win.
• Having failed for many times, he still hopes to win.
• Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted.
• On hearing the news of the death of her husband, she fainted.
Further ways
Synthesis
of Sentences can
also be done by using conjunctions
Example
The wind blew. The rain fell. The lightning flashed.
There are sentences. Now, we can combine all these three sentences to form a Compound Sentence.
The wind blew, the rain fell and the lightning flashed.
This sentence is a Compound Sentence.
There are four types of Coordinative Conjunctions.Thses Conjunctions are widely used in the process of Synthesis of Sentences.
They are:
1. Cumulative
2. Adversative
3. Alternative
4. Illative
1. Cumulative:
The Conjunctions which add one statement to another are called Cumulative.
Examples :
• Night came on. The room grew dark.
• Night came on and the room grew dark.
• He is a fool. He is a knave.
• He is a fool and he is a knave.
• He is not only a fool but also a knave.
• He is a fool as well as a knave.
It will be noticed that the conjunction ‘and’ simply adds one statement to another.
The conjunctions ‘both…and’, ‘not only…but also’ and ‘as well as’ are emphatic forms and do the same work
The Conjunctions which add one statement to another are called Cumulative.
You may see here how the Coordinative Conjunctions are used in Synthesis Of Sentence.
2. Adversative:
The Conjunctions which express opposition or contrast between two statements are called Adversative.
Examples :
• He is slow. He is sure.
• He is but he is sure.
• I was annoyed. I kept quite.
• I was annoyed, still I kept quite.
• He failed. He persevered.
• He failed, nevertheless he persevered.
• He will not oppose my design. I can not approve of it.
• He will not oppose my design; however, I can not approve of it.
• He was all right. He was fatigued.
• He was all right; only He was fatigued.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions but, still, yet, nevertheless and however express an contrast between one sentence and the other.
Few of these conjunctions are more emphatic than the conjunction ‘but’.
Conjunctions which express opposition or contrast between two statements are called
Adversative.
You may see here how the Coordinative Conjunctions are used in Synthesis Of Sentence.
3. Alternative:
The Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative.
Examples :
• Make haste. You will be late.
• Make haste or you will be late.
• Come in. Go out.
• Come in or go out.
• Either come in or go out.
• Do be a borrower. Do be a lender.
• Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions or, either…or and neither…nor express a choice between two alternatives.
The Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative.
You may see here how the Coordinative Conjunctions are used in Synthesis Of Sentence.
4. Illative:
The Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative.
Examples :
• He was obstinate. He was punished.
• He was obstinate; therefore he was punished.
• I can not see. It is very dark
• It is very dark so I can not see.
• I can not see for it is very dark.
• It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.
• It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me.
You may see here how the Coordinative Conjunctions are used in Synthesis Of Sentence.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions therefore, for, so etc… join sentences in which one statement is inferred from the other.
The Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative.
You may see here how the Coordinative Conjunctions are used in Synthesis Of Sentence.
3. Alternative:
The Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative.
Examples :
• Make haste. You will be late.
• Make haste or you will be late.
• Come in. Go out.
• Come in or go out.
• Either come in or go out.
• Do be a borrower. Do be a lender.
• Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions or, either…or and neither…nor express a choice between two alternatives.
The Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative.
You may see here how the Coordinative Conjunctions are used in Synthesis Of Sentence.
4. Illative:
The Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative.
Examples :
• He was obstinate. He was punished.
• He was obstinate; therefore he was punished.
• I can not see. It is very dark
• It is very dark so I can not see.
• I can not see for it is very dark.
• It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.
• It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me.
You may see here how the Coordinative Conjunctions are used in Synthesis Of Sentence.
It will be noticed that the conjunctions therefore, for, so etc… join sentences in which one statement is inferred from the other.
The Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative.
In this
another section on Synthesis of Sentences, we are going to see how two or more
Simple Sentences can be combined to form a single Complex Sentence.
Subordinate Clause as a Noun Clause:
When two sentences are combined to form a Complex Sentence, one of the two sentences can be converted into a Noun clause in the new sentence.
Example-1:
• You are drunk. That aggravates your offence.
In these two sentences, the reason (you are drunk) has been given in one sentence for the action (That aggravates your offence) mentioned in another sentence.
Now the sentence which takes about the reason can be used as Noun-Clause in the New Complex Sentence.
The Noun Clause is the Subordinate Clause of the new Complex Sentence.
The new Complex Sentence is:
• That you are drunk aggravates your offence.
Examples :
• He will be late. That is certain.
• That he will be late is certain.
• You are repentant. I will not forget it.
• I will not forget that you are repentant.
• He may be innocent. I do not know.
• I do not know whether he is innocent
• He is short-sighted. Otherwise he is fit for the post.
• Except he is short-sighted, he is fit for the post.
• The clouds would disperse. That was our hope. Our hope was cheering.
• Our hope that the clouds would disperse, was cheering.
• The game was lost. It was the consequences of his carelessness.
• Because of his carelessness, the game was lost.
In the section on Synthesis of Sentences, we have seen how a Noun-Clause can be used as the Subordinate Clause in the Complex Sentence.
Subordinate Clause as an Adjective Clause:
In the following examples, the Subordinate Clause is an Adjective Clause.
Examples:
• A fox once met a lion. The fox had never seen a lion before.
• A fox who had never met a lion before met him.
• She keeps her ornaments in a safe. That is safety-locker.
• The place where she keeps her ornaments is safety-locker.
• A cottager and his wife had a hen. The hen laid an egg everyday. The egg was golden.
• The hen, which a cottager and his wife had, laid a golden egg everyday.
In the section on Synthesis of Sentences-3, we have seen how a Adjective-Clause can be used as the Subordinate Clause in the Complex Sentence.
Subordinate Clause as a Noun Clause:
When two sentences are combined to form a Complex Sentence, one of the two sentences can be converted into a Noun clause in the new sentence.
Example-1:
• You are drunk. That aggravates your offence.
In these two sentences, the reason (you are drunk) has been given in one sentence for the action (That aggravates your offence) mentioned in another sentence.
Now the sentence which takes about the reason can be used as Noun-Clause in the New Complex Sentence.
The Noun Clause is the Subordinate Clause of the new Complex Sentence.
The new Complex Sentence is:
• That you are drunk aggravates your offence.
Examples :
• He will be late. That is certain.
• That he will be late is certain.
• You are repentant. I will not forget it.
• I will not forget that you are repentant.
• He may be innocent. I do not know.
• I do not know whether he is innocent
• He is short-sighted. Otherwise he is fit for the post.
• Except he is short-sighted, he is fit for the post.
• The clouds would disperse. That was our hope. Our hope was cheering.
• Our hope that the clouds would disperse, was cheering.
• The game was lost. It was the consequences of his carelessness.
• Because of his carelessness, the game was lost.
In the section on Synthesis of Sentences, we have seen how a Noun-Clause can be used as the Subordinate Clause in the Complex Sentence.
Subordinate Clause as an Adjective Clause:
In the following examples, the Subordinate Clause is an Adjective Clause.
Examples:
• A fox once met a lion. The fox had never seen a lion before.
• A fox who had never met a lion before met him.
• She keeps her ornaments in a safe. That is safety-locker.
• The place where she keeps her ornaments is safety-locker.
• A cottager and his wife had a hen. The hen laid an egg everyday. The egg was golden.
• The hen, which a cottager and his wife had, laid a golden egg everyday.
In the section on Synthesis of Sentences-3, we have seen how a Adjective-Clause can be used as the Subordinate Clause in the Complex Sentence.
Subordinate
Clause as an Adverb Clause :
In the following examples, the Subordinate Clause is an Adverb Clause.
Examples:
• Indira Gandhi died in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi thereafter became Prime Minister of India.
• When Indira Gandhi died in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister of India.
• I waited for my friend. I waited till his arrival.
• I waited for my friend until he came.
• He fled somewhere. His pursuers could not follow him.
• He fled where his pursuers could not follow him.
• Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruits.
• As men sow, so will they reap.
• You are strong. I am equally strong.
• I am as strong as you are.
• He was not there. I spoke to his brother for that reason.
• I spoke to his brother for he was there.
• We wish to live. We eat for that reason.
• We eat so that we may live.
• He was quite tired. He could scarcely stand.
• He was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
• Do not eat too much. You will be ill.
• If you eat too much, you will be ill.
• He began late. He finished first.
• Although he began late, he finished first.
In the section on Synthesis of Sentences-3, we have seen how a Adverb-Clause can be used as the Subordinate Clause in the Complex Sentence.
As in this section on Synthesis of Sentences-3, you too can form more sentences using the same methods presented here.
In the following examples, the Subordinate Clause is an Adverb Clause.
Examples:
• Indira Gandhi died in 1984. Rajiv Gandhi thereafter became Prime Minister of India.
• When Indira Gandhi died in 1984, Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister of India.
• I waited for my friend. I waited till his arrival.
• I waited for my friend until he came.
• He fled somewhere. His pursuers could not follow him.
• He fled where his pursuers could not follow him.
• Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruits.
• As men sow, so will they reap.
• You are strong. I am equally strong.
• I am as strong as you are.
• He was not there. I spoke to his brother for that reason.
• I spoke to his brother for he was there.
• We wish to live. We eat for that reason.
• We eat so that we may live.
• He was quite tired. He could scarcely stand.
• He was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
• Do not eat too much. You will be ill.
• If you eat too much, you will be ill.
• He began late. He finished first.
• Although he began late, he finished first.
In the section on Synthesis of Sentences-3, we have seen how a Adverb-Clause can be used as the Subordinate Clause in the Complex Sentence.
As in this section on Synthesis of Sentences-3, you too can form more sentences using the same methods presented here.
INFINITIVE
Eat, read, write, go, get,
speak, walk, smile, cry and laugh are few of the verbs in the "infinitive"
forms.
When the preposition “to” is placed before such a verb, that verb is called “full infinitive”.
To eat, to read, to write, to go, to get, to speak, to walk, to smile, to cry and to laugh are few of the "full-infinitive" forms.
This type of the noun is called verbal-noun.
This verbal-noun is called “Infinitive” which has the features of both a verb and a noun.
There is another type of verbal-noun. That type is called “Gerund” which we have seen in another section.
An “infinitive” can be used differently.
1. It can be used as the subject of the verb.
Examples:
To swim is good for health.
To eat too much makes one fat.
To go for walk early in the morning is advised by the doctors.
To read means to grow.
2.It can be used as the object of the verb.
Examples:
I forget to tell you an important matter.
All of you begin to work.
The doctor has come to check you up for blood-pressure.
3. The following verbs take only the infinitive as the object.
Afford, appear, arrange, care, chance, come, dare, decide, fail, determine, happen, hurry, manage, mean, offer, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seem, trouble, undertake, wish etc…
Examples:
I can not afford to pay so much.
The man pretended to be innocent.
The thief managed to escape.
We have undertaken to do the job.
How dare you do it?
They refused to pay the bill.
She offered to go alone.
We are determined to complete the project.
4. The following verbs take only an infinitive as an object,
but also are used in the ways as given below.
Ask, like, choose, want, intent, mean, hate, beg, love, expect, wish etc…
a. Subject + verb + infinitive
Examples:
My sister loves to sing.
I like to view few television shows.
They hate to borrow money form the bank.
Mr. Ramah expected us to help him when he was in London.
She chose to stay away from the program.
Our Professor asked us to come back after 6pm today.
When the preposition “to” is placed before such a verb, that verb is called “full infinitive”.
To eat, to read, to write, to go, to get, to speak, to walk, to smile, to cry and to laugh are few of the "full-infinitive" forms.
This type of the noun is called verbal-noun.
This verbal-noun is called “Infinitive” which has the features of both a verb and a noun.
There is another type of verbal-noun. That type is called “Gerund” which we have seen in another section.
An “infinitive” can be used differently.
1. It can be used as the subject of the verb.
Examples:
To swim is good for health.
To eat too much makes one fat.
To go for walk early in the morning is advised by the doctors.
To read means to grow.
2.It can be used as the object of the verb.
Examples:
I forget to tell you an important matter.
All of you begin to work.
The doctor has come to check you up for blood-pressure.
3. The following verbs take only the infinitive as the object.
Afford, appear, arrange, care, chance, come, dare, decide, fail, determine, happen, hurry, manage, mean, offer, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seem, trouble, undertake, wish etc…
Examples:
I can not afford to pay so much.
The man pretended to be innocent.
The thief managed to escape.
We have undertaken to do the job.
How dare you do it?
They refused to pay the bill.
She offered to go alone.
We are determined to complete the project.
4. The following verbs take only an infinitive as an object,
but also are used in the ways as given below.
Ask, like, choose, want, intent, mean, hate, beg, love, expect, wish etc…
a. Subject + verb + infinitive
Examples:
My sister loves to sing.
I like to view few television shows.
They hate to borrow money form the bank.
Mr. Ramah expected us to help him when he was in London.
She chose to stay away from the program.
Our Professor asked us to come back after 6pm today.
B.
Subject + verb + object + infinitive
Examples:
My sister likes my mother to sing.
They begged me to help him.
The committee chose me to sing in the function.
My father wished me to succeed in the competition.
5. The following verbs take only the verb + object + infinitive construction.
Allow, advice, cause, compel, encourage, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, request, teach, tell, tempt, warn etc…
Examples:
Do not allow him to interfere with his work.
The circumstances forced him to tell a lie.
I warned him not to take up that job.
They permitted me to take the exam without my hall-ticket.
My teacher taught us how to calculate the profit.
Our father forced us to continue our studies.
He was tempted to take sweets every day.
6. The infinitive without “to” is used after the verbs “make” and “let”.
Examples:
Let him go.
Make them do the job very well.
7. The full infinitive is used with the “be” verb to indicate commands or agreements or plans.
Examples:
Everybody is to wear a full suit.
Nobody is to touch these things without permission.
They are to be married next week.
The committee is to meet next month to discuss this matter.
8.It is used in the following construction.
For + object + infinitive
Examples:
It is not for me to advice you.
Is the road safe enough for the driver to take the bus on it?
9.It is used in the place of clauses.
Examples:
Tell him what to do?
She does not know who to approach?
Can you tell me how to stop the bleeding?
So in these ways the infinitives can be used as nouns in the sentences.
Note-1
The word ‘to’ is frequently used with an infinitive. But ‘to’ is not the essential part or sign of an infinitive verb.
After few verbs (let, need, make, see, bid, hear, dare), we use the infinitive without ‘to’.
Examples:
• You need not come to the function.
• The Doctor can make him walk in a month of time.
• How dare you open the door!
• I did not see him do that.
• They will not let you go out.
• She bade me go.
• I have not heard a bird sing.
Note-2
The word ‘to’ need not be added after 'had better', 'had rather', 'would rather', 'sooner than' and 'rather than'.
Examples:
• You had better leave now.
• I had rather walk than take rest.
• They would rather leave the show than see the dull-movie.
• They will come late rather than stay at home.
Examples:
My sister likes my mother to sing.
They begged me to help him.
The committee chose me to sing in the function.
My father wished me to succeed in the competition.
5. The following verbs take only the verb + object + infinitive construction.
Allow, advice, cause, compel, encourage, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, request, teach, tell, tempt, warn etc…
Examples:
Do not allow him to interfere with his work.
The circumstances forced him to tell a lie.
I warned him not to take up that job.
They permitted me to take the exam without my hall-ticket.
My teacher taught us how to calculate the profit.
Our father forced us to continue our studies.
He was tempted to take sweets every day.
6. The infinitive without “to” is used after the verbs “make” and “let”.
Examples:
Let him go.
Make them do the job very well.
7. The full infinitive is used with the “be” verb to indicate commands or agreements or plans.
Examples:
Everybody is to wear a full suit.
Nobody is to touch these things without permission.
They are to be married next week.
The committee is to meet next month to discuss this matter.
8.It is used in the following construction.
For + object + infinitive
Examples:
It is not for me to advice you.
Is the road safe enough for the driver to take the bus on it?
9.It is used in the place of clauses.
Examples:
Tell him what to do?
She does not know who to approach?
Can you tell me how to stop the bleeding?
So in these ways the infinitives can be used as nouns in the sentences.
Note-1
The word ‘to’ is frequently used with an infinitive. But ‘to’ is not the essential part or sign of an infinitive verb.
After few verbs (let, need, make, see, bid, hear, dare), we use the infinitive without ‘to’.
Examples:
• You need not come to the function.
• The Doctor can make him walk in a month of time.
• How dare you open the door!
• I did not see him do that.
• They will not let you go out.
• She bade me go.
• I have not heard a bird sing.
Note-2
The word ‘to’ need not be added after 'had better', 'had rather', 'would rather', 'sooner than' and 'rather than'.
Examples:
• You had better leave now.
• I had rather walk than take rest.
• They would rather leave the show than see the dull-movie.
• They will come late rather than stay at home.
Transformation-of-Sentences
is
done in various ways.
The nature of the sentences can be changed without changing the meaning of the sentences.
1. Sentences containing the adverb ‘too’:
Example-1:
• My friend is too rich to by my consort.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences, containing the adverb ‘too’, takes place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
• My friend is so rich that he cannot be my consort.
Example-2:
• The news is too good to be true.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
• The news is so good that it can not be true.
Example-3:
• He drove too fast for the police to catch.
This sentence can be changed into the following version with out changing the meaning of the sentence.
• He drove so fast that the police can not catch him.
The Transformation-of-Sentences takes place by removing the adverb ‘too’ and by adding a conjunction ‘so…that’.
In this way, the following sentences have been changed for your attention.
Examples:
• He is too proud to beg.
• He is so proud that he will not beg.
• It is never too late to mend.
• It is not so late that it can not be mended.
• He is too ignorant for the post of a postman.
• He is so ignorant that he is not suitable for the post of a postman.
• This shirt is small for me.
• This shirt is so small that it is not suitable for me.
• He speaks too fast to be understood.
• He speaks so fast that he can not be understood.
2. Interchange of Degrees of Comparison: :
The Transformation-of-Sentences, containing comparatives, can be done as follows with out changing the meaning of the sentences.
Example-1:
• I am as strong as him.
This sentence is in positive degree.
This sentence can be changed into a sentence of comparative one.
• I am not stronger than him
This sentence conveys the same meaning as the above sentence.
The nature of the sentences can be changed without changing the meaning of the sentences.
1. Sentences containing the adverb ‘too’:
Example-1:
• My friend is too rich to by my consort.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences, containing the adverb ‘too’, takes place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
• My friend is so rich that he cannot be my consort.
Example-2:
• The news is too good to be true.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
• The news is so good that it can not be true.
Example-3:
• He drove too fast for the police to catch.
This sentence can be changed into the following version with out changing the meaning of the sentence.
• He drove so fast that the police can not catch him.
The Transformation-of-Sentences takes place by removing the adverb ‘too’ and by adding a conjunction ‘so…that’.
In this way, the following sentences have been changed for your attention.
Examples:
• He is too proud to beg.
• He is so proud that he will not beg.
• It is never too late to mend.
• It is not so late that it can not be mended.
• He is too ignorant for the post of a postman.
• He is so ignorant that he is not suitable for the post of a postman.
• This shirt is small for me.
• This shirt is so small that it is not suitable for me.
• He speaks too fast to be understood.
• He speaks so fast that he can not be understood.
2. Interchange of Degrees of Comparison: :
The Transformation-of-Sentences, containing comparatives, can be done as follows with out changing the meaning of the sentences.
Example-1:
• I am as strong as him.
This sentence is in positive degree.
This sentence can be changed into a sentence of comparative one.
• I am not stronger than him
This sentence conveys the same meaning as the above sentence.
Example-2:
• Positive: This razor is not as sharp as that one.
• Comparative: That razor is sharper than this one.
Example-3:
• Positive: Very few cities in India are as rich as Mumbai.
• Comparative: Mumbai is richer that most other cities in India.
• Superlative: Mumbai is one of the richest cities in India.
Example-4:
• Superlative: Upshaw is not the tallest girl in the class.
• Comparative: Upshaw is not taller than many girls in the class.
The Transformation-of-Sentences,according to the nature of the sentences, takes place into either negative or affirmative sentences.
3. Interchange of Active and Passive voice:
A sentence in the Active form can be changed into Passive form.
Example-1:
• Active: Brutus stabbed Caesar.
• Passive: Caesar was stabbed by Brutus.
The proper Auxiliary verb and ‘by’ are used in the Passive form.
Example-2:
• Active: The members will make him the President of this organization.
• Passive: He will be made the President of this organization by its members.
Example-3:
• Active: The audience loudly cheered the Mayor’s speech.
• Passive: The Mayor’s speech was loudly cheered.
Whenever it is evident who the agent (doer of the action) is, it is not necessary to mention him in the passive voice and this omission gives the sentence a beauty.
In the example-3, it is evident that only the audience would have cheered the speaker.
So, it has been avoided and such an omission adds only a touch of beauty to the sentence.
Example-4:
The same way, the proper Pronoun form and the proper verb should be added in the active sentence when the passive sentences is changed into an active sentence.
• Passive: She is known to me.
• Active: I know her.
Example-5:
• Passive: Promises should be kept.
• Active: One should keep one’s promises.
The Active Voice is used to make the agent prominent.
The Passive Voice is used to make ‘the action of the verb’ prominent.
The Passive Voice can be used when the agent is unknown.
Example-6:
• Active: We admire the brave.
• Passive: The brave is admired.
In this sentence, the agent ‘we’ has been omitted to generalize the statement that the brave is admired.
Although, the Active-sentence has used the pronoun ‘we’.
4. Interchange of affirmative and negative sentences:
The affirmative sentence can be changed into a negative sentence by using ‘not’.
Example-1:
• Affirmative: I was doubtful whether it was you.
• Negative: I was not sure that it was you.
Example-2:
• Affirmative: Everybody was present.
• Negative: Nobody is absent.
Example-3:
• Affirmative: All cheered.
• Negative: There was no one present who did not cheer.
In this way the negative sentences can be changed into affirmative sentences as follows.
Example-4:
• Negative: God will not forget the cry of the humble.
• Affirmative: God will heed the cry of the humble.
The ‘not’ in the negative sentences should be removed to convert them into affirmative sentences.
Example-5:
• Negative: No one could deny that she is pretty.
• Affirmative: Every one accepts that she is pretty.
• Positive: This razor is not as sharp as that one.
• Comparative: That razor is sharper than this one.
Example-3:
• Positive: Very few cities in India are as rich as Mumbai.
• Comparative: Mumbai is richer that most other cities in India.
• Superlative: Mumbai is one of the richest cities in India.
Example-4:
• Superlative: Upshaw is not the tallest girl in the class.
• Comparative: Upshaw is not taller than many girls in the class.
The Transformation-of-Sentences,according to the nature of the sentences, takes place into either negative or affirmative sentences.
3. Interchange of Active and Passive voice:
A sentence in the Active form can be changed into Passive form.
Example-1:
• Active: Brutus stabbed Caesar.
• Passive: Caesar was stabbed by Brutus.
The proper Auxiliary verb and ‘by’ are used in the Passive form.
Example-2:
• Active: The members will make him the President of this organization.
• Passive: He will be made the President of this organization by its members.
Example-3:
• Active: The audience loudly cheered the Mayor’s speech.
• Passive: The Mayor’s speech was loudly cheered.
Whenever it is evident who the agent (doer of the action) is, it is not necessary to mention him in the passive voice and this omission gives the sentence a beauty.
In the example-3, it is evident that only the audience would have cheered the speaker.
So, it has been avoided and such an omission adds only a touch of beauty to the sentence.
Example-4:
The same way, the proper Pronoun form and the proper verb should be added in the active sentence when the passive sentences is changed into an active sentence.
• Passive: She is known to me.
• Active: I know her.
Example-5:
• Passive: Promises should be kept.
• Active: One should keep one’s promises.
The Active Voice is used to make the agent prominent.
The Passive Voice is used to make ‘the action of the verb’ prominent.
The Passive Voice can be used when the agent is unknown.
Example-6:
• Active: We admire the brave.
• Passive: The brave is admired.
In this sentence, the agent ‘we’ has been omitted to generalize the statement that the brave is admired.
Although, the Active-sentence has used the pronoun ‘we’.
4. Interchange of affirmative and negative sentences:
The affirmative sentence can be changed into a negative sentence by using ‘not’.
Example-1:
• Affirmative: I was doubtful whether it was you.
• Negative: I was not sure that it was you.
Example-2:
• Affirmative: Everybody was present.
• Negative: Nobody is absent.
Example-3:
• Affirmative: All cheered.
• Negative: There was no one present who did not cheer.
In this way the negative sentences can be changed into affirmative sentences as follows.
Example-4:
• Negative: God will not forget the cry of the humble.
• Affirmative: God will heed the cry of the humble.
The ‘not’ in the negative sentences should be removed to convert them into affirmative sentences.
Example-5:
• Negative: No one could deny that she is pretty.
• Affirmative: Every one accepts that she is pretty.
As
seen above, the Transformation-of-Sentences can be made in many ways with out
changing the meaning of the sentences.
There are few more ways in which the Transformation-of-Sentences can be made.
There are few more ways in which the Transformation-of-Sentences can be made.
Transformation of Sentence
Already
in the previous chapter, we have seen the first part of Transformation-of-Sentence.
Let us see here few more methods for such a transformation.
1. To transform an interrogative sentence into an assertive sentence:
An interrogative sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence and vice-versa.
Example-1:
• When can their glory fade?
This is an interrogative sentence.
This sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.
• Their glory can never fade.
Example-2:
• Was he not a villain to do such a deed?
This interrogative sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.
• He was a villain to do such a deed.
Example-3:
• Who can touch ditch without being defiled? (Interrogative Sentence)
• No one can touch ditch without being defiled. (Assertive Sentence)
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentence takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-4:
• Who does not know him? (Interrogative Sentence)
• Every one knows him. (Assertive Sentence)
Example-5:
• Is this the kind of dress to be worn for a school function? (Interrogative Sentence)
• This is not the kind of dress to be worn for a school function. (Assertive Sentence)
In this same way an assertive sentence can be transformed into an interrogative sentence.
Example-1:
• We were not sent to this world simply to make money. (Assertive Sentence)
• Were we sent to this world simply to make money? (Interrogative Sentence)
Example-2:
• I never forget those happy days. (Assertive Sentence)
• Shall I ever forget those happy days? (Interrogative Sentence)
2. To transform an exclamatory sentence into an assertive sentence:
Example-1:
Let us see here few more methods for such a transformation.
1. To transform an interrogative sentence into an assertive sentence:
An interrogative sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence and vice-versa.
Example-1:
• When can their glory fade?
This is an interrogative sentence.
This sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.
• Their glory can never fade.
Example-2:
• Was he not a villain to do such a deed?
This interrogative sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence as follows.
• He was a villain to do such a deed.
Example-3:
• Who can touch ditch without being defiled? (Interrogative Sentence)
• No one can touch ditch without being defiled. (Assertive Sentence)
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentence takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-4:
• Who does not know him? (Interrogative Sentence)
• Every one knows him. (Assertive Sentence)
Example-5:
• Is this the kind of dress to be worn for a school function? (Interrogative Sentence)
• This is not the kind of dress to be worn for a school function. (Assertive Sentence)
In this same way an assertive sentence can be transformed into an interrogative sentence.
Example-1:
• We were not sent to this world simply to make money. (Assertive Sentence)
• Were we sent to this world simply to make money? (Interrogative Sentence)
Example-2:
• I never forget those happy days. (Assertive Sentence)
• Shall I ever forget those happy days? (Interrogative Sentence)
2. To transform an exclamatory sentence into an assertive sentence:
Example-1:
• How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon the river-bank!
(Exclamatory Sentence)
• The moonlight sweetly sleeps upon the river-bank. (Assertive Sentence)
Although such an exclamatory sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence, an exclamatory sentence is preferred on many occasions to an assertive sentence for the emotional effect that an exclamatory sentence is carrying.
Example-2:
• If only I were young again! (Exclamatory Sentence)
• I wish I were young again. (Assertive Sentence)
Example-3:
• How beautiful is this night! (Exclamatory Sentence)
• This night is very beautiful. (Assertive Sentence)
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentence takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-4:
• What a delicious meal! (Exclamatory Sentence)
• This meal is delicious one. (Assertive Sentence)
3. To change one part of a sentence for another part:
The verb of a sentence itself can be changed into another verb without change in the meaning of the sentence.
Example-1:
• This kind of jokes never amuses me.
• This kind of joke never gives me any amusement.
In this sentence the verb has been changed into its noun form.
Example-2:
• It costs twelve dollars.
• Its cost is twelve dollars.
Here also the verb has been changed into its noun form.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-3:
• He has disgraced his family.
• He is a disgrace to his family.
Example-4:
• He gave a curt reply.
• He replied curtly.
Here the adjective has been changed into an adverb.
Example-5:
• I see him everyday.
• I see him daily.
Example-6:
• This scene is surpassingly beautiful.
• The beauty of this scene is surpassing.
Here the adjective has been changed into its noun form.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-7:
• He is admittedly the greatest general of this country.
• It has been admitted that he is the greatest general of this country.
Here, the adverb has been changed into a verb form.
And the simple sentence itself has been changed into a compound sentence.
Such a transformation of various natures is possible with in a sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.
• The moonlight sweetly sleeps upon the river-bank. (Assertive Sentence)
Although such an exclamatory sentence can be transformed into an assertive sentence, an exclamatory sentence is preferred on many occasions to an assertive sentence for the emotional effect that an exclamatory sentence is carrying.
Example-2:
• If only I were young again! (Exclamatory Sentence)
• I wish I were young again. (Assertive Sentence)
Example-3:
• How beautiful is this night! (Exclamatory Sentence)
• This night is very beautiful. (Assertive Sentence)
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentence takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-4:
• What a delicious meal! (Exclamatory Sentence)
• This meal is delicious one. (Assertive Sentence)
3. To change one part of a sentence for another part:
The verb of a sentence itself can be changed into another verb without change in the meaning of the sentence.
Example-1:
• This kind of jokes never amuses me.
• This kind of joke never gives me any amusement.
In this sentence the verb has been changed into its noun form.
Example-2:
• It costs twelve dollars.
• Its cost is twelve dollars.
Here also the verb has been changed into its noun form.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-3:
• He has disgraced his family.
• He is a disgrace to his family.
Example-4:
• He gave a curt reply.
• He replied curtly.
Here the adjective has been changed into an adverb.
Example-5:
• I see him everyday.
• I see him daily.
Example-6:
• This scene is surpassingly beautiful.
• The beauty of this scene is surpassing.
Here the adjective has been changed into its noun form.
You can see How the Transformation-of-Sentences takes place into the following version without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example-7:
• He is admittedly the greatest general of this country.
• It has been admitted that he is the greatest general of this country.
Here, the adverb has been changed into a verb form.
And the simple sentence itself has been changed into a compound sentence.
Such a transformation of various natures is possible with in a sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.
So far we
have seen the nature of Transformations of Sentence.
At the same time, a simple sentence can be changed into a complex sentence and vice-versa.
At the same time, a compound sentence can be changed into a complex sentence and vice-versa.
At the same time, a complex sentence can be changed into a compound sentence and vice-versa.
All such changes are possible to make the ideas of the sentences understandable.
This is in addition to the previous chapters on Transformations of Sentence.
1. To transform the simple sentence into a compound sentence:
A simple sentence can be transformed into a compound sentence by enlarging phrase or word into a co-ordinate clause.
Example-1:
• He must work hard to make up for the lost time.
This sentence can be made into two parts and those two parts can be joined by a conjunction ‘and’.
• He work hard and make up the lost time.
Example-2:
• To his eternal disgrace, he betrayed his country.
• He betrayed his country and this was to his eternal disgrace.
Example-3:
• Besides robbing the poor child, he also murdered the child.
• He not only robbed the poor child and also murdered the child.
Example-4:
• The teacher punished the children for disobedience.
• The children were disobedience so the teacher punished them
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
2. To transform a compound sentence into a simple sentence:
The following examples illustrate the chief ways in which the compound sentences are transformed into simple sentences.
Example-1:
• We must eat or we cannot live.
• We must eat to live.
Example-2:
• You must either pay the bill at once or return the goods.
• Failing prompt payment, the goods must be returned by you.
Example-3:
• He must not be late or he will be returned.
• In the event of his being late, he will be returned.
Example-4:
• He is rich, yet he is not contented.
• In spite being rich, he is not contented.
Example-5:
• This coat cannot be mine, for it is too big.
• For its big size, it cannot be mine.
Example-6:
• He is very poor, but he does not complain.
• In spite of being poor, he does not complain.
These examples are enough to make the point clear how the compound sentences are transformed into simple sentences.
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
3. To transform a simple sentence into a complex sentence:
A simple sentence can be transformed into a complex sentence by enlarging a phrase into a subordinate clause.
The clause may be Noun, Adjective or Adverb.
Example-1:
• He confessed his crime.
Here the noun (his crime) has been changed into a subordinated clause.
• He confessed that he was guilty of the crime.
Example-2:
• On the arrival of the mails, the steamer will leave.
Here the adverbial phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause.
• The steamer will leave as soon as the mails arrive.
Example-3:
• I saw a wounded bird.
Here the adjective phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause.
• I saw a bird that was wounded.
Example-4:
• On being punished, he wept.
• When he was punished, he wept.
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
4. To transform a Complex Sentence into a Simple Sentence:
The following sentences will make it clear how to transform the complex sentences into the simple sentence.
Example-1:
• He said that he was an innocent.
This Complex Sentence has been changed into a Simple Sentence as follows.
• He declared his innocence.
Example-2:
• How long I will stay is a doubtful?
Here, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into a Noun Clause.
• The duration of my stay is doubtful.
Example-3:
• Tell me where you live.
Here also, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into a Noun Clause.
• Tell me your address.
Example-4:
• He died in the village where he lived.
Here the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adjective Clause.
• He died in his native place.
Example-5:
• The moment that is lost is lost for ever.
Here also the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adjective Clause.
• The lost moment is lost forever.
Example-6:
• He was too tired that he can not stand.
Here the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adverb Clause.
• He was too tired to stand.
Example-7:
• He will not pay unless he is compelled.
Here also, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adverb Clause.
• He will pay only under compulsion.
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
At the same time, a simple sentence can be changed into a complex sentence and vice-versa.
At the same time, a compound sentence can be changed into a complex sentence and vice-versa.
At the same time, a complex sentence can be changed into a compound sentence and vice-versa.
All such changes are possible to make the ideas of the sentences understandable.
This is in addition to the previous chapters on Transformations of Sentence.
1. To transform the simple sentence into a compound sentence:
A simple sentence can be transformed into a compound sentence by enlarging phrase or word into a co-ordinate clause.
Example-1:
• He must work hard to make up for the lost time.
This sentence can be made into two parts and those two parts can be joined by a conjunction ‘and’.
• He work hard and make up the lost time.
Example-2:
• To his eternal disgrace, he betrayed his country.
• He betrayed his country and this was to his eternal disgrace.
Example-3:
• Besides robbing the poor child, he also murdered the child.
• He not only robbed the poor child and also murdered the child.
Example-4:
• The teacher punished the children for disobedience.
• The children were disobedience so the teacher punished them
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
2. To transform a compound sentence into a simple sentence:
The following examples illustrate the chief ways in which the compound sentences are transformed into simple sentences.
Example-1:
• We must eat or we cannot live.
• We must eat to live.
Example-2:
• You must either pay the bill at once or return the goods.
• Failing prompt payment, the goods must be returned by you.
Example-3:
• He must not be late or he will be returned.
• In the event of his being late, he will be returned.
Example-4:
• He is rich, yet he is not contented.
• In spite being rich, he is not contented.
Example-5:
• This coat cannot be mine, for it is too big.
• For its big size, it cannot be mine.
Example-6:
• He is very poor, but he does not complain.
• In spite of being poor, he does not complain.
These examples are enough to make the point clear how the compound sentences are transformed into simple sentences.
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
3. To transform a simple sentence into a complex sentence:
A simple sentence can be transformed into a complex sentence by enlarging a phrase into a subordinate clause.
The clause may be Noun, Adjective or Adverb.
Example-1:
• He confessed his crime.
Here the noun (his crime) has been changed into a subordinated clause.
• He confessed that he was guilty of the crime.
Example-2:
• On the arrival of the mails, the steamer will leave.
Here the adverbial phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause.
• The steamer will leave as soon as the mails arrive.
Example-3:
• I saw a wounded bird.
Here the adjective phrase has been changed into a subordinate clause.
• I saw a bird that was wounded.
Example-4:
• On being punished, he wept.
• When he was punished, he wept.
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
4. To transform a Complex Sentence into a Simple Sentence:
The following sentences will make it clear how to transform the complex sentences into the simple sentence.
Example-1:
• He said that he was an innocent.
This Complex Sentence has been changed into a Simple Sentence as follows.
• He declared his innocence.
Example-2:
• How long I will stay is a doubtful?
Here, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into a Noun Clause.
• The duration of my stay is doubtful.
Example-3:
• Tell me where you live.
Here also, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into a Noun Clause.
• Tell me your address.
Example-4:
• He died in the village where he lived.
Here the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adjective Clause.
• He died in his native place.
Example-5:
• The moment that is lost is lost for ever.
Here also the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adjective Clause.
• The lost moment is lost forever.
Example-6:
• He was too tired that he can not stand.
Here the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adverb Clause.
• He was too tired to stand.
Example-7:
• He will not pay unless he is compelled.
Here also, the Subordinate Clause has been changed into an Adverb Clause.
• He will pay only under compulsion.
You can see How the Transformations of Sentence take place without changing the meaning of the sentence.
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